Authors

Sivaguru PVS

Independent Researcher, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems play a vital role in modern industrial automation; however, conventional CNC controllers are often expensive and complex, limiting their adoption in small-scale industries, educational laboratories, and custom manufacturing setups. This research presents the design and implementation of an affordable Arduino-driven CNC controller aimed at delivering reliable motion control performance at significantly reduced cost. The proposed system utilizes an open-source microcontroller platform integrated with stepper motor drivers, power management circuitry, and a user-friendly interface to execute precise multi-axis control operations. The controller architecture is developed to interpret standard G-code commands and generate accurate pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals for coordinated motion of X, Y, and Z axes. Firmware optimization ensures improved positioning accuracy, reduced latency, and stable real-time performance. The system also incorporates safety features such as limit switches, emergency stop mechanisms, and overload protection to enhance operational reliability in industrial environments. Experimental validation demonstrates satisfactory precision, repeatability, and compatibility with small-scale milling, drilling, engraving, and other special-purpose machining tasks. The results indicate that the proposed Arduino-based CNC controller offers a scalable, flexible, and cost-effective alternative to proprietary CNC systems. By leveraging open-source hardware and software, the design promotes accessibility, customization, and innovation in industrial automation and smart manufacturing applications.

Keywords

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Arduino ATmega2560 GRBL Firmware Special Purpose Machines (SPM) Low-Cost Automation Open-Source CNC Controller Stepper Motor Control

Citation of this Article

Sivaguru PVS. (2025). Design of an Affordable Arduino-Driven CNC Controller for Industrial Automation. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies. 2(9), 10-17. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.47001/JAIET/2025.209002

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International Licence.

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