Authors

Christian Paul Navarro

College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines

Francis Xavier Villanueva

College of Engineering, Cebu Institute of Technology – University, Philippines

Abstract

This paper presents the design and development of an ESP32-based speed control system for an electric bicycle (E-Bike) using a BTS7960 motor driver. The proposed system employs a potentiometer as the user input device to regulate the motor speed through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Real-time operating parameters, including the calculated motor speed (RPM) and speed percentage, are displayed on an I2C LCD module to provide continuous user feedback. A significant feature of the system is the implementation of a software-based threshold mechanism that maintains the displayed speed and RPM values at zero until the PWM signal exceeds a predefined minimum value of 40. This approach compensates for the motor's stall voltage characteristics and improves the accuracy of the displayed information during low-speed operation. An infrared rotary speed sensor was initially integrated to enable closed-loop feedback control; however, the developed prototype effectively demonstrates speed estimation based on PWM input values. The hardware architecture is powered by a 12 V, 5 A switched-mode power supply (SMPS), while an LM2596 DC-DC converter provides regulated 5 V and 3.3 V outputs for the embedded electronics. The developed prototype demonstrates the practical application of embedded systems in electric vehicle technology and provides a cost-effective foundation for future E-Bike speed control and intelligent mobility solutions.

Keywords

ESP32 Electric Bicycle (E-Bike) Speed Control System BTS7960 Motor Driver Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Embedded Systems Motor Speed Control I2C LCD Infrared Speed Sensor Electric Vehicle Technology.

Citation of this Article

Christian Paul Navarro, & Francis Xavier Villanueva. (2026). Design and Development of an ESP32-Based Speed Control System for Electric Bicycles Using a BTS7960 Motor Driver. Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies (JAIET). 3(5), 53-60. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.47001/JAIET/2026.305005

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International Licence.

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